I ke koho ʻana i kahi mea hoʻomaʻemaʻe wai ma lalo o ka poho holoi, pono e noʻonoʻo ʻia kekahi mau mea:

1. **ʻAno o ka Mea Hoʻomaʻemaʻe Wai:**
– Aia kekahi mau ʻano i loaʻa e like me Microfiltration (MF), Ultrafiltration (UF), Nanofiltration (NF), a me Reverse Osmosis (RO). I ke koho ʻana, e noʻonoʻo i ka ʻenehana kānana, ka pono o ke kānana, ka maʻalahi o ka hoʻololi ʻana i ka cartridge, ke ola, a me ke kumukūʻai hoʻololi.

2. **Microfiltration (MF):**
– ʻO ka pololei o ke kānana maʻamau mai 0.1 a 50 microns. ʻO nā ʻano maʻamau e komo pū me nā kāmela kānana PP, nā kāmela kānana kalapona i hoʻāla ʻia, a me nā kāmela kānana seramika. Hoʻohana ʻia no ke kānana ʻana i nā ʻāpana nui e like me ka sediment a me ka popo.

– ʻO nā hemahema e komo pū ana me ka hiki ʻole ke wehe i nā mea ʻino e like me ka bacteria, ka hiki ʻole ke hoʻomaʻemaʻe i nā cartridges kānana (pinepine hoʻolei ʻia), a me ka pono o ka hoʻololi pinepine ʻana.

3. **Ka kānana ʻUltra (UF):**
– Aia ka pololei o ke kānana mai 0.001 a i 0.1 microns. Hoʻohana i ka ʻenehana hoʻokaʻawale membrane ʻokoʻa kaomi e wehe i ka ʻōpala, ka sediment, nā colloids, nā bacteria, a me nā molekala organik nui.

– ʻO nā pono e pili ana i ka wikiwiki o ka hoʻōla ʻana o ka wai, ka maʻalahi o ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe a me ka holoi hope ʻana, ke ola lōʻihi, a me ke kumukūʻai hana haʻahaʻa.

4. **Nano kānana (NF):**
– Aia ka pololei o ke kānana ma waena o UF a me RO. Pono ka uila a me ke kaomi no ka ʻenehana hoʻokaʻawale membrane. Hiki ke wehe i nā ion calcium a me magnesium akā ʻaʻole paha e wehe loa i kekahi mau ion ʻino.

– ʻO nā hemahema e komo pū ana me ka haʻahaʻa o ka hoʻōla ʻana o ka wai a me ka hiki ʻole ke kānana i kekahi mau mea ʻino.

5. **Osmosis Hoʻohuli (RO):**
– ʻO ke kikoʻī kānana kiʻekiʻe loa ma kahi o 0.0001 microns. Hiki ke kānana i nā mea haumia āpau e like me nā bacteria, nā virus, nā metala kaumaha, a me nā antibiotics.

– ʻO nā pono e komo pū ana me ka nui o ka desalination, ka ikaika mechanical kiʻekiʻe, ke ola lōʻihi, a me ka hoʻomanawanui i nā hopena kemika a me nā mea olaola.

Ma ke ʻano o ka hiki ke kānana, ʻo ke kūlana maʻamau ʻo Microfiltration > Ultrafiltration > Nanofiltration > Reverse Osmosis. ʻO Ultrafiltration a me Reverse Osmosis nā koho kūpono ma muli o nā makemake. He kūpono a haʻahaʻa ke kumukūʻai o ka Ultrafiltration akā ʻaʻole hiki ke hoʻopau pololei ʻia. He kūpono ka Reverse Osmosis no nā pono wai kiʻekiʻe, e like me ka hana ʻana i ke kī a i ʻole ke kofe, akā pono paha nā ʻanuʻu hou aʻe no ka hoʻopau ʻana. Manaʻo ʻia e koho e like me kāu mau koi a me nā makemake kikoʻī.